Y Haplogroup E-V12+ and Haplogroup J1c3d2

Saturday, 22 June 2013

Posted by Maria Camacho at 09:33

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Haplogroup J is defined by a DNA marker known as M304. Everyone who carries the M304 marker today descends from a common paternal ancestor who lived roughly 30,000 years ago in the Middle East.

Members of haplogroup J-M304 are found throughout Eurasia, the Middle East, and North Africa. Haplogroup J diverges into two main subhaplogroups, J1-M267 and J2-M172, with J1-M267
typical of eastern African and Arabian groups and J2-M172 more dominant in southern European and southwest Asian (Indian) populations.

As members of the human family, all people living today can trace their earliest paternal ancestors to populations that lived approximately 100,000 years ago in eastern Africa. These early humans became spread throughout the African continent, and beginning ~50,000 years ago, a series of complex migrations moved them out of Africa into regions of
Asia and beyond to eventually populate every major area of the world.

Haplogroup IJ-M429 molecular ancestors emerged approximately 38,000
years ago probably within the region spanning eastern Turkey and Persia, and subsequently split into two lineages, I-M170 and J-M304 arising in Europe and the Middle East respectively. From regions of the Levant members of haplogroup J-M304 participated in a complex series of
pre-historical migrations that are just beginning to be understood.

Initial movements by members of haplogroup J-M304 and their subsequent diversification into J1-M267 and J2-M172 are thought to have occurred during the Upper Paleolithic (Late Stone Age) period probably in eastern modern day Turkey where they practiced a sedentary forager lifestyle.

While it is plausible that J2 descendants began spreading into western Turkey, northern Syria and eastwards into the Indus valley region during the Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) as mobile hunter-gathers, the development of farming and pastoralism (the Neolithic) in eastern Turkey catalyzed the growth of populations and their ensuing spread throughout the Fertile Crescent region.

Later, Neolithic farmers would carry J1-M267 into Europe and
Ethiopia, and would also be linked to the transition of hunter-gatherer societies to those of settled farming in the Anatolian peninsula.

More recent migrations of animal herders would follow to disperse J1-M267 into southern areas of the Middle East and North Africa. GeneTree -> genealogy + dna + community
According to the researchers, J1 originated in the southern part of the Middle East while J2 originated in the northern part (Nebel et al.
2001).

According to Di Giacomo’s (2004) study, the high diversity of haplogroup
J2 in Turkish and southern European populations suggests that this
branch of haplogroup J originated around the Aegean, not the Middle
East.

Additionally, it appears that much of J2 was confined to the coastal Mediterranean areas, indicating that maritime trade, rather than
earlier Neolithic agricultural expansions, may have helped spread J2 throughout the Mediterranean world.

This conclusion, however, contradicts an earlier study in which the researchers argued that certain elements of Neolithic material culture – painted pottery and figurines in particular – emanating out of the northern Levant and Anatolia during the Neolithic could be correlated with the distribution of certain Y haplogroups, including haplogroup J (Underhill and King 2002).

Di Giacomo’s (2004) study emphasized that J2 is “Mediterranean” or “Aegean” rather than “Semitic” in character. It is found predominately in northern Mediterranean and Turkish populations, differentiating the Aegean area from the Middle East in its haplogroup J results.

Going further, the researchers maintained that certain sub-clades of J2 appear to have originated well after the beginning of the Neolithic revolution
and around the Aegean, spreading out to the rest of Europe during the expansion of the Greek world.

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Y-haplogroups E-V13 and G2a in Neolithic Spain
I have not read the paper, so I can't comment in detail. Two quick comments:The discovery of G2a is added to the finds from Treilles, Derenburg, and the Alps.
It is now virtually certain that the Neolithic transition in much of Europe, both inland, and coastal involved G2a-bearing men.

The discovery of E-V13 in Spain is unexpected on a number of different reasons: there is relatively little of it there now; it had previously been associated with the inland route
of the spread of agriculture, as well as the spread of the Greeks to Sicily and Provence, or Roman soldiers at a much later date.

While
this Neolithic E-V13 may well have come from the Balkans, and the common ancestor of the very uniform present-day Balkan cluster may have lived after this Spanish find, it is now certain that E-V13 was established in Europe long before the Bronze Age.

This highlights the need to avoid Y-STR based calculations on modern populations for inferring patterns of ancient history, and not to conflate TMRCAs with "dates of arrival": "In
short: a particular TMRCA is consistent with either the arrival of the lineage long before and long after the TMRCA in a particular geographical area."At least for
now, three of the major players of the European genetic landscape
(E-V13, G2a, and I2a) have made their Neolithic appearance.

Hopefully, as more ancient DNA is published, and even from later dates, more of them will turn up.I will comment more when I get to read the paper.

UPDATE I:From the paper:For
the six male samples, two complete and four partial Y-STRs haplotypes were obtained (Table 3). They allowed classification of individuals into two different haplogroups: G2a (individuals ave01, ave02, ave03, ave05,
and ave06, which seem to share the same haplotype) and E1b1b1 (individual ave07). The four markers chosen to confirm belonging to these haplogroups (Y-E1b1b1-M35.1, Y-E1b1b1a1b-V13, Y-G2-M287, and
Y-G2a-P15) were typed with a rate of 66%, which permitted confirmation that four males were G2a and one was E1b1b1a1b (Table 3).Analysis of shared haplotypes showed that the G2a haplotype found in ancient specimens is rare in current populations: its frequency is less than 0.3%(Table S3). The haplotype of individual ave07 is more frequent (2.44%),
particularly in southeastern European populations (up to 7%).

The Ave07 haplotype was also compared with current Eb1b1a2 haplotypes previously published (10–14). It appeared identical at the seven markers tested to five Albanian, two Bosnian, one Greek, one Italian, one Sicilian, two Corsican, and two Provence French samples and are thus placed on the
same node of the E1b1b1a1b-V13 network as eastern, central, and western Mediterranean haplotypes (Fig. S1).The ancient remains all appeared to lack the common European lactase persistence genotype.

On the mtDNA:Mitochondrial
HVS-I sequences were obtained for the seven individuals and can be classified into four different haplotypes (Table 2). All are still frequent in current European populations (Table S1), and three of them were also found in ancient Neolithic samples (Table S2).

These haplotypes permitted the determination that the individuals ave01, ave02, and ave06 belonged to K1a, ave04 and ave05 to T2b, ave03 to H3, and ave07 to U5 haplogroups.The supporting information (pdf) has a lot of additional information.PNAS doi: 10.1073/pnas.1113061108Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic disseminationMarie Lacan et al.

The impact of the Neolithic dispersal on the western European populations is subject to continuing debate. To trace and date genetic lineages potentially brought during this transition and so understand the origin of the gene pool of current populations, we studied DNA extracted from human remains excavated in a Spanish funeral cave dating from the
beginning of the fifth millennium B.C. Thanks to a “multimarkers”
approach based on the analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA
(autosomes and Y-chromosome), we obtained information on the early Neolithic funeral practices and on the biogeographical origin of the inhumed individuals. No close kinship was detected. Maternal haplogroups found are consistent with pre-Neolithic settlement, whereas the Y-chromosomal analyses permitted confirmation of the existence in
Spain approximately 7,000 y ago of two haplogroups previously associated with the Neolithic transition: G2a and E1b1b1a1b.

These results are highly consistent with those previously found in Neolithic individuals from French Late Neolithic individuals, indicating a surprising temporal genetic homogeneity in these groups.

The high frequency of G2a in Neolithic samples in western Europe could suggest, furthermore, that the role of men during Neolithic dispersal could be greater than currently estimated.

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Saturday, 22 June 2013

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